Israel may be a desert, going six months of the year without rain, but local bee populations are thriving and honey production rising thanks to a new flowering tree brought over from Australia.
It's not a good time for honeybee populations worldwide. All over the globe bee numbers are dwindling, as hives are hit by Colony Collapse Disorder - an ailment which an Israeli company, Beeologics, claims to have now developed a vaccination for. Last winter alone, more than 36 percent of the US bee colonies collapsed, affecting honey production, and the one-third of all food production that requires pollination - from fruits and nuts to the dairy and beef cows that feed on alfalfa.
'Most of Israel's trees and shrubs flower in the spring,' David Brand, chief forester and head of the forest department at the Keren Kayemeth Leyisrael-Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF), tells ISRAEL21c. This means that in other seasons, hungry bees have to be fed sugar solutions or transported to parts of the country where flowers are still in bloom - both expensive and messy propositions for apiaries.
Trees that remember their roots
Brand, working with Dr. Dan Aizikovich, a professor at Tel Aviv University, and the Israel Honey Board looked for a solution and came up with the idea of bringing eucalyptus trees from Australia - what they call 'mega-producers', which produce blooms all year round. 'They have wonderful flowers, a lot of nectar and pollen,' says Brand. 'We thought that since the seasons in the two countries are so opposite, maybe the trees would 'remember' their origin and flower at the time they were needed to do so in Israel.'
The KKL-JNF began introducing a variety of the species to Israel 12 years ago. 'We started with the seeds and seedlings, and established trial plots all over Israel to investigate which species were suitable' for Israel's climate, says Brand. 'We also tested those trees to see whether or not - although they had wonderful flowers, etc., - the bees would be attracted to them,' Brand adds.
After two years of extensive trial and error testing at KKL-JNF nurseries nationwide, Brand and Aizikovich found the right plant and bees began to pollinate the flowers while collecting nectar to be made into honey.
Since then over 100,000 trees have been distributed annually to beekeepers every year - a total of one million trees over the last 10 years. Distributed as seedlings, these trees are still young, but already beekeepers are noticing the difference, with many now leaving their hives near newly planted groves for much of the year instead of following wild flower blossom.
'Honey production in Israel is sure to increase,' predicts Brand. 'Since there are more trees with nectar available the output will naturally rise.'
'Now we can offer these beekeepers [a collection of] trees that flower from April to September, different species that flower in different months,' he adds. In addition, 'some of these eucalyptus species are very resistant to drought,' allowing them to be planted in semi-arid zones 'so farmers in those areas where other crops were hurt by drought can develop another type of agriculture, like beekeeping... In general, a tree will produce the same quantity of nectar from one year to the next and there is therefore less fluctuation compared to wildflowers.'
Among those imported seedlings found to be the most sweetly successful in the effort are a variety of Eucalyptus trees, particularly lemon-flowered mallee, coral gum, hybrid gum and red-capped gum, grown in regional KKL-JNF nurseries.
The trees - which are also a source of high-quality wood - are good shade-providers, which Kandal says is important, since the hives could be left under the trees, whose shade provides the right temperature for optimum honey-production by the bees. This also means that the hives won't have to be moved periodically, which is currently the case. The availability of the new trees has also brought some former farmers back to agriculture, Kandal reports.
Local species have also been included in the effort, with a type of carob tree found in the Israel's south that produces many flowers and attracts many bees. 'So we propagated this tree and then produced seedlings,' along with other Israeli indigenous bushes like rosemary that were included in the project,' Brand continues.
The project is now attracting interest from nearby Jordan, where one beekeeper received 20,000 samples of the new species two years ago. Interest is likely from other countries too as desertification and drought forces more beekeepers around the world to combat similar problems to those of apiarists in Israel.
They tree have already put a sweet smile on the face of Israeli beekeepers like Yehuda Kandal, who has 250 hives producing five tons of honey a year. He calls the trees a 'major contribution' to the important honey-production sector.
'This is a win-win situation,' says Kandal, speaking recently from his field in Kfar Pines, near Hadera in northern Israel. 'They give us the seedlings and we do the planting. And it expands our ability to produce honey during more of the year. We only hope that as our grove of trees grows, things will get even better.'" (source)
